Low-dimensionality carbon-based biosensors: the new era of emerging technologies in bioanalytical chemistry.

Since the last decade, carbon nanomaterials have had a notable impact on different fields such as bioimaging, drug delivery, artificial tissue engineering, and biosensors. This is due to their good compatibility toward a wide range of chemical to biological molecules, low toxicity, and tunable properties. Especially for biosensor technology, the characteristic features of each dimensionality of carbon-based materials may influence the performance and viability of their use. Surface area, porous network, hybridization, functionalization, synthesis route, the combination of dimensionalities, purity levels, and the mechanisms underlying carbon nanomaterial interactions influence their applications in bioanalytical chemistry. Efforts are being made to fully understand how nanomaterials can influence biological interactions, to develop commercially viable biosensors, and to gain knowledge on the biomolecular processes associated with carbon. Here, we present a comprehensive review highlighting the characteristic features of the dimensionality of carbon-based materials in biosensing.

From research to market: correlation between publications, patent filings, and investments in development and production of technological innovations in biosensors.

As the global population grows and science and technology development evolve, fulfilling basic human needs has been even more linked to technological solutions. In this review, we present an overview of the biosensor market and discuss the factors that make certain countries more competitive than others in terms of technology and innovation and how this is reflected in the trends in publication and patent filling. Additionally, we expose briefly how the COVID-19 pandemic acts as a catalyst for the integration of research and development, business, and innovation sectors to bring solutions and ideas that have been predicted as tendencies for the future.